Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)- World Wide Pandemic Again?

China is witnessing a surge in respiratory illness cases, with a striking 6.2% of tests coming back positive and 5.4% of hospitalizations linked to respiratory issues. What’s fueling this alarming trend? 

The spotlight is on Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), the leading culprit behind the rise in respiratory diseases. In an unexpected twist, HMPV is spreading at a remarkable rate, outpacing not only COVID-19 but also rhinovirus and adenovirus during the same timeframe. The situation is evolving rapidly, and the stakes couldn’t be higher!

This virus has attached to China and now spreading to other countries like the USA, and India. India has reported the first positive HMPV case in Bangalore where an 8-month-old baby has been diagnosed with an HMPV-positive test. 

What is HMPV?

HMPV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses, which also includes the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the measles virus. It is a single-stranded RNA virus and is a significant cause of respiratory illnesses, especially during the late winter and early spring months.

Causes and Transmission OF HMPV

HMPV spreads from person to person through:

1. Respiratory droplets: Coughing, sneezing, or talking can release droplets containing the virus.
2. Direct contact: Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes can lead to infection.

3. Close contact: Being near someone who is infected increases the risk of transmission.

The virus has an incubation period of 3–6 days, meaning symptoms typically appear within a week of exposure.

Symptoms of HMPV

The symptoms of HMPV can range from mild to severe and are similar to those of other respiratory viruses. Common symptoms include:

• Cough

• Nasal congestion or runny nose

• Fever

• Sore throat

• Shortness of breath or wheezing

• Fatigue

• Muscle aches

In severe cases, particularly in high-risk individuals, HMPV can lead to:

• Bronchiolitis

• Pneumonia

• Asthma exacerbations

Children under 5 years of age, adults over 65, and those with chronic illnesses or immunocompromised conditions are at a higher risk of developing severe disease.

Diagnosis of HMPV

Since HMPV symptoms overlap with those of other respiratory infections, laboratory tests are required to confirm the diagnosis. These tests include:

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects viral RNA in respiratory samples.

• Rapid antigen tests: Identify viral proteins.

• Serology tests: Measure antibodies to determine past exposure.

Treatment for HMPV Virus

There is currently no specific antiviral medication for HMPV. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and may include:

• Over-the-counter medications: Pain relievers and fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.

• Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.

• Rest: Allowing the body to recover.

In severe cases, particularly those involving pneumonia or respiratory distress, hospitalization may be required. This can involve:

• Oxygen therapy

• Mechanical ventilation (in rare, critical cases)

Prevention of HMPV

Preventing HMPV relies on good hygiene and general respiratory precautions. Key steps include:

1. Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

2. Use hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol when soap is unavailable.

3. Avoid close contact with sick individuals.

4. Disinfect surfaces regularly, especially in shared spaces.

5. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.

6. Stay home when sick to prevent the spreading of the virus.

Currently, there is no vaccine available for HMPV, but research is ongoing to develop one.

How Do I Distinguish HMPV and Other Respiratory Infections?

It is found that HMPV is often compared with the RSV (respiratory syncytial virus). RSV is a viral disease that infects the respiratory system and the lungs of individuals, it mostly attacks babies and small children. The severity of HMPV is less as compared to the RSV virus. One can visit a healthcare provider to confirm whether it is a normal respiratory condition or an advanced disease like HMPV or RSV. However, HMPV infections are mild, depending on the age and immunity of the individual. HMPV does not have any anti-viral treatment option available as such. 

When to Seek Medical Help Against HMPV?

One should consult a healthcare provider if one has

1. High fever for many days.
2. Persistent respiratory conditions like cough, difficulty in breathing, and wheezing. 
3. Severe fatigue or lethargy.
4. Symptoms that fail to improve even after several days of treatment. 

Conclusion

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a prevalent respiratory virus associated with a spectrum of illnesses, ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to more severe respiratory issues. While the majority of individuals tend to recover with appropriate supportive care, it is advisable for vulnerable populations to exercise heightened caution to reduce the risk of infection. Emphasizing the importance of good hygiene practices, adhering to respiratory etiquette, and promptly seeking medical attention when necessary are instrumental in effectively managing and preventing the transmission of HMPV all over the world.